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Northern Territory

Coordinates: 20°S 133°E / 20°S 133°E / -20; 133
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For similar terms, see Northern Territories (disambiguation).

Northern Territory of Australia
Territory
Flag of Northern Territory of Australia
Flag
Official seal of Northern Territory of Australia
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
  • The Territory
  • The NT
  • The Top End
Location of Northern Territory of Australia
Coordinates: 20°S 133°E / 20°S 133°E / -20; 133
CountryAustralia
Established by New South Wales1825
Transferred to South Australia1863
Transferred to Commonwealth of Australia1911
Responsible government1 July 1978
Capital
and largest city
Darwin
12°26′17″S 130°50′28″E / 12.43806°S 130.84111°E / -12.43806; 130.84111
Administration17 local government areas
Common languages
Demonym(s)
  • Territorian[1][a]
  • Top Ender (northern half only)[2][3]
  • Centralian (southern half only)
Government
• Monarch
Charles III
Hugh Heggie
Lia Finocchiaro (CLP)
LegislatureNorthern Territory Legislative Assembly
JudiciarySupreme Court of the Northern Territory
Parliament of Australia
• Senate
2 senators (of 76)
• House of Representatives
2 seats (of 151)
Area
• Land
1,347,791 km2 (520,385 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Zeil)
1,531 m (5,023 ft)
Population
• December 2021 estimate
249,345[4] (8th)
• Density
0.19/km2 (0.5/sq mi) (8th)
GSP2020 estimate
• Total
AU$26.153 billion[5] (8th)
• Per capita
AU$106,851 (2nd)
HDI (2021)Increase 0.940[6]
very high · 6th
Time zoneUTC+09:30 (ACST)
Postal abbreviation
NT
ISO 3166 codeAU–NT
Symbols
BirdWedge-tailed eagle
(Aquila audax)
FlowerSturt's desert rose
(Gossypium sturtianum)[7]
MammalRed kangaroo
(Macropus rufus)
Colour(s)Black, white, and ochre[8]
Websitent.gov.au

The Northern Territory of Australia[9], commonly referred to as "Northern Territory" ("NT")[a][10], is an Australian internal territory of the Commonwealth of Australia, in central and the central-north of Australia. NT borders Western Australia to the west (129th meridian east), South Australia to the south (26th parallel south), Queensland to the east (138th meridian east) and, to the north, the Timor Sea, Arafura Sea and Gulf of Carpentaria. To the north are Western New Guinea and islands of the Indonesian archipelago.

NT covers 1,347,791 square kilometres (520,385 sq mi),[11] making it the third-largest Australian federal division, and the 11th-largest country subdivision in the world. It is sparsely populated, with a population of only 249,000[4] as of December 2021 – fewer than half as many people as in Tasmania.[4] The largest population centre is the capital city of Darwin, having about 52.6% of NT population. The largest inland settlement is Alice Springs with a population of about 25,000 people.

The archaeological history of NT may have begun more than 60,000 years ago when humans first settled this region of the Sahul Continent. From at least the 18th century, Makassan people began contact with people of the region around catching trepang. The first known sighting of the NT coast by Europeans was in the 17th century.[12] The British were the first Europeans to attempt to settle the coastal regions. After three failed attempts to establish a settlement (1824–1828, 1838–1849, and 1864–1866), success was achieved in 1869 with the establishment of a settlement at Port Darwin.

The economy is based largely on mining and petroleum, which during 2018–2019 contributed 23% of the gross state product or $5.68 billion, accounting for 92.4% of exports.[13][14]

The NT population is concentrated in coastal regions and along the Stuart Highway. Besides the capital of Darwin, the major settlements are (in order of size) Palmerston, Alice Springs, Katherine, Nhulunbuy and Tennant Creek.

History

[edit]
Thomas Baines with Aboriginal Australians near the mouth of the Victoria River.
Main article: History of the Northern Territory

Pre-colonial

[edit]
Further information: Prehistory of Australia, History of Indigenous Australians, and Makassan contact with Australia

Humans have lived in the area of what is now NT since at least 48,400 to 68,700 years ago.[15]

From the 17th or 18th century CE onwards, traders from Sulawesi carried out seasonal fishing in the area, making contact and trading with Indigenous peoples of what is now northern Australia, including Arnhem Land.[16] They collected trepang (sea cucumber) for Chinese markets and introduced several goods and technologies to the Indigenous peoples.[16] There is significant evidence of contact with Makassan fishers in examples of Indigenous Australian rock art and bark painting of northern Australia, with the Makassan perahu a prominent feature.[17][18]

Colonial settlement and administration

[edit]

British settlers made four early attempts to settle on the northern coast, of which three failed in starvation and despair. The area was part of the Colony of New South Wales from 1825 to 1863, except for a brief time from February to December 1846, when it was part of the short-lived Colony of North Australia.

Letters Patent annexing NT to South Australia, 1863

From 1863 to 1911, NT was administered by South Australia. The Port of Darwin was established in 1869 and was the main supply centre for many decades.[citation needed]. The South Australian government constructed the Overland Telegraph Line in the NT, between 1870 and 1872.[19] The railway between Palmerston and Pine Creek was built between 1883 and 1889, as part of the North Australia Railway. Cattle raising and mining became established and by 1911 there were 513,000 cattle. Victoria River Downs Station, 686 kilometres (426 mi) west of Darwin,[20] was at one time the largest cattle station in the world. Gold was found at Grove Hill in 1872 and at Pine Creek (in 1871), Brocks Creek, Burundi, and copper was found at Daly River.[21]

Federal territory

[edit]

On 1 January 1911, a decade after Federation, South Australia transferred administration of NT to the Australian federal government. Alfred Deakin opined at this time "To me the question has been not so much commercial as national, first, second, third and last. Either we must accomplish the peopling of the northern territory or submit to its transfer to some other nation."[22]

In late 1912, a short-lived campaign was made to rename NT[23][24] with the names "Centralia" and "Territoria" proposed and "Kingsland" (after King George V and corresponding with Queensland) becoming preferred in 1913.[25][26]

Division into North Australia and Central Australia

[edit]

Between 1927 and 1931, NT was administered as two areas, North Australia and Central Australia at the 20th parallel of South latitude.

The Kimberley Plan included parts of NT as a possible site for the establishment of a Jewish Homeland but was understandably referred to as the "Unpromised Land".[27][28]

A 2015 article suggested that in the early 20th century, the southern part of NT was considered the "last frontier" of Australian settlement, where 'sympathetic whites' hoped that Aboriginal traditions would continue to be practised.[29] Conflicts arose due to the resource scarcity and the fragility of the cattle industry and the area was rife with Indigenous 'bush bandits' who speared cattle for food for want of employment by ranchers. This was exacerbated by a drought between 1925 and 1929 that led to the deaths of 85 per cent of the children at the Hermannsburg Mission in Central Australia. In the meantime, white attitudes towards Aboriginal people were paternalistic, torn between the desire to help them in times of hunger and the fear of "pauperizing" them and reducing their incentives to work.[29]

In 1928, in response to the murder of a dingo hunter, punitive expeditions led by NT police constable William George Murray resulted in the deaths[how?] of dozens to hundreds[clarification needed] of the Warlpiri, Anmatyerre, and Kaytetye people (see Coniston massacre).[30] This was one of many suggested massacres of Aboriginal people in the region.[31] For more information see: List of massacres of Indigenous Australians.

Post-World War II

[edit]

During World War II, most of the Top End was placed under military government. This is the only time since Federation that part of an Australian state or territory has been under military control. After the war, control for the entire area was handed back to the Commonwealth. The Bombing of Darwin occurred on 19 February 1942. It was the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia. Evidence of Darwin's World War II history is found at a variety of preserved sites in and around the city, including ammunition bunkers, airstrips, oil tunnels and museums. The port was damaged in the 1942 Japanese air raids. It was subsequently restored.[32]

In the late 1960s improved roads in adjoining states linking with NT, port delays and rapid economic development led to uncertainty in port and regional infrastructure development. As a result of the Commission of Enquiry established by the Administrator,[33] port working arrangements were changed, berth investment deferred and a port masterplan prepared.[34] Extension of rail transport was then not considered because of low freight volumes.

Indigenous Australians had struggled for rights to fair wages and land. An important event in this struggle was the strike and walk off by the Gurindji people at Wave Hill Cattle Station in 1966. The Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights (NTCAR) supported the strikers and provided publicity.[35] The Federal government of Gough Whitlam set up the Woodward Royal Commission in February 1973, to enquire into how land rights might be achieved in NT. Justice Woodward's first report in July 1973 recommended that a Central Land Council and a Northern Land Council be established to present to him the views of Aboriginal people. A Land Rights Bill was drafted, and the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 was passed by the Fraser government on 16 December 1976 and began operation on 26 January 1977).[36] The Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights was disestablished in 1976.[35]

In 1974, from Christmas Eve to Christmas Day, Darwin was devastated by tropical Cyclone Tracy. Cyclone Tracy killed 71 people, caused A$837 million in damage (approximately A$6.85 billion as of 2018)[37] and destroyed more than 70 per cent of Darwin's buildings, including 80 per cent of houses. Tracy left more than 41,000 out of the 47,000 inhabitants of the city homeless. The city was rebuilt with much-improved construction codes and is a modern, landscaped metropolis today.[citation needed]

In 1978, NT was granted internal self government with a Legislative Assembly and an executive government headed by a chief minister.[38][39] The Administrator of the Northern Territory is the King of Australia's representative and appoints the chief minister.[40] The NT government publishes official notices in its Government Gazette.[41]

In the 1980s, Kakadu National Park, Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park and other areas were included on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their natural and Aboriginal culture heritage.

In 1995–96, NT was briefly one of the few places in the world where voluntary euthanasia was legal, until the Australian federal parliament overturned the legislation.[42] Before the over-riding legislation was enacted, four people used the law supported by Dr Philip Nitschke.[43][44][45]

Geography

[edit]
NT towns, settlements and road network.
Main article: Geography of the Northern Territory
The northern coast of Australia is on the left with Melville Island in the lower right[46]

There are many very small settlements scattered across NT, but the larger population centres are located on the single paved road that links Darwin to southern Australia, the Stuart Highway, known to locals simply as "the track".

NT is home to many spectacular natural rock formations, including Uluru / Ayers Rock and Kata Tjuta / The Olgas in the Central Australian region and Kakadu National Park in the north. Each of these sites are sacred to the local Aboriginal people and which have become major International tourist attractions and recognised UNESCO World Heritage sites.[47][48]

Northern NT is principally tropical savannas, composed of several distinct ecoregions – Arnhem Land tropical savanna, Carpentaria tropical savanna, Kimberley tropical savanna, Victoria Plains tropical savanna, and Mitchell Grass Downs. Southern NT is covered in deserts and xeric shrublands, including the Great Sandy-Tanami desert, Simpson Desert, and Central Ranges xeric scrub.[citation needed]

Major NT rivers include: the Alligator Rivers, Daly River, Finke River, McArthur River, Roper River, Todd River and Victoria River.[citation needed] The Hay River is a river south-west of Alice Springs, with the Marshall River, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek and Bore Creek flowing into it.[49]

National parks

[edit]
Main article: Protected areas of the Northern Territory
See also: National parks of the Northern Territory
Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park

Climate

[edit]
Köppen climate types in the NT
Satellite image of fire activity in central Australia
Average monthly maximum
temperature in Northern Territory
Month Darwin Alice Springs
January 31.8 °C 36.3 °C
February 31.4 °C 35.1 °C
March 31.9 °C 32.7 °C
April 32.7 °C 28.2 °C
May 32.0 °C 23.0 °C
June 30.6 °C 19.8 °C
July 30.5 °C 19.7 °C
August 31.3 °C 22.6 °C
September 32.5 °C 27.1 °C
October 33.2 °C 30.9 °C
November 33.2 °C 33.7 °C
December 32.6 °C 35.4 °C
Source: Bureau of Meteorology

The NT has two distinctive climate zones.

The northern end, including Darwin, has a tropical climate with high humidity and two seasons, the wet (October to April) and dry season (May to September). During the dry season nearly every day is warm and sunny, and afternoon humidity averages around 30%. There is very little rainfall between May and September. In the coolest months of June and July, the daily minimum temperature may dip as low as 14 °C (57 °F), but very rarely lower, and frost has never been recorded.

The wet season is associated with tropical cyclones and monsoon rains. The majority of rainfall occurs between December and March (the southern hemisphere summer), when thunderstorms are common and afternoon relative humidity averages over 70% during the wettest months. On average more than 1,570 mm (62 in) of rain falls in the north. Rainfall is highest in north-west coastal areas, where rainfall averages from 1,800 to 2,100 mm (71 to 83 in).

The central region is the desert centre of the country, which includes Alice Springs and Uluru (Ayers Rock), and is semi-arid with little rain usually falling during the hottest months from October to March. Seasons are more distinct in central Australia, with very hot summers and cool winters. Frost is recorded a few times a year. The region receives less than 250 mm (9.8 in) of rain per year.

The highest temperature recorded in NT was 48.3 °C (118.9 °F) at Finke on 1 and 2 January 1960. The lowest temperature was −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) at Alice Springs on 17 July 1976.[50]

Climate data for Northern Territory of Australia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 48.3
(118.9) 		46.4
(115.5) 		45.0
(113.0) 		41.5
(106.7) 		40.2
(104.4) 		37.9
(100.2) 		37.5
(99.5) 		39.7
(103.5) 		42.0
(107.6) 		45.0
(113.0) 		46.1
(115.0) 		47.2
(117.0) 		48.3
(118.9)
Record low °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1) 		8.5
(47.3) 		4.7
(40.5) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.5
(38.3) 		7.5
(45.5) 		−7.5
(18.5)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[51]

Governance

[edit]
Main article: Government of the Northern Territory
The Parliament House building in Darwin

Parliament

[edit]
Main articles: Northern Territory Parliament, NT Legislative Assembly, and proposed statehood

The NT legislature is one of the three unicameral parliaments in Australia. Based on the Westminster System, it consists of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly which was created in 1974, replacing the Northern Territory Legislative Council. It also produces the Northern Territory of Australia Government Gazette.[citation needed]

The Legislative Council was the partly elected governing body from 1947 until its replacement by the fully elected Legislative Assembly in 1974. The total enrolment for the 1947 election was 4,443. NT was divided into five electorates: Darwin, Alice Springs, Tennant Creek, Batchelor, and Stuart.[citation needed]

While this assembly exercises powers similar to those of the parliaments of the states of Australia, it does so by legislated devolution of powers from the Commonwealth Government, rather than by any constitutional right. As such, the Commonwealth Government retains the right to legislate in relation to NT, including the power to override legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly. The monarch is represented by the Administrator of the Northern Territory, who performs a role similar to that of a state governor.[citation needed]

Twenty-five members of the Legislative Assembly are elected for four-year terms from single-member electorates.[52]

There have been repeated agitations for statehood.[53] A referendum of NT voters was held on the issue in 1998, which resulted in a 'no' vote.[54] This was a shock to both the Northern Territory and Commonwealth governments, as opinion polls had misleadingly indicated that most Territorians supported statehood. However, under the Australian Constitution, the federal government may set the terms of entry to full statehood. NT was offered three senators, rather than the twelve guaranteed to original states (because of the difference in populations, equal numbers of Senate seats would mean a Territorian's vote for a senator would have been worth more than 30 such votes in New South Wales or Victoria). Alongside what was cited as an arrogant approach adopted by then chief minister Shane Stone, it is believed that most Territorians, regardless of their general views on statehood, were reluctant to adopt the particular offer that was made.[55]

Chief minister and cabinet

[edit]

The chief minister is the head of government of a self-governing territory (the head of a state government is a premier). The chief minister is appointed by the administrator, who in normal circumstances appoints the leader of whichever party holds the majority of seats in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly. The current chief minister is Lia Finocchiaro of the Country Liberal Party. The CLP defeated Territory Labor to win office on 24 August 2024.[56][57][58]

Administrator

[edit]

NT became internally self-governing on 1 July 1978, under the administrator who is appointed by the federal government (formally appointed by the Governor-General of Australia on the nomination of the federal government minister). In practice, the federal government minister consults with the NT government on the nomination. The current administrator is Hugh Heggie who commenced his three-year term on 31 January 2023. He was previously the NT chief health officer.[59][60]

Federal government

[edit]
Children wave Australian flags during an Anzac Day parade in Palmerston

NT people are represented in the Australian federal parliament by two members in the House of Representatives and two members in the Senate. As of May 2022, resulting from the 2022 federal election, Marion Scrymgour from the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in Lingiari and Luke Gosling from the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in Solomon serve in the House of Representatives, and Malarndirri McCarthy from the ALP and Jacinta Nampijinpa Price from the Country Liberal Party serve in the Senate.

Local government

[edit]

NT has seventeen local councils: two cities, three municipalities, nine regions, and three shires. They are responsible for functions assigned in legislation, such as road infrastructure and waste management. Council revenue comes mostly from property taxes and government grants.[61]

Aboriginal land councils

[edit]
Aboriginal Australians own about 49% of NT land
Further information: Aboriginal land councils in the Northern Territory

Aboriginal land councils in NT are Aboriginal landowner groups, set up under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976.[62][63]

Political parties

[edit]

The two historically dominant political parties in NT are the Country Liberal Party which governed NT from 1974 to 2001, from 2012 to 2016 and since 2024 and the Australian Labor Party which governed NT from 2001 to 2012 and from 2016 to 2024. Minor parties active in NT include the Greens, the Shooters and Fishers Party and various others. There have also been independent politicians.

The CLP's rule was once so tight, that one former minister once said the CLP had a "'rightful inheritance of being the party that runs this place'".[64][65]

The 2024 election saw the NT Greens win a seat in the Legislative Assembly, with Kat McNamara defeating former Chief Minister Natasha Fyles in the seat of Nightcliff; this marked the first time the Greens won a seat in the NT Legislative Assembly.[66]

As fewer parties and candidates contest NT general elections than in Australian federal elections in the NT, the CLP, Labor and independents usually have a higher vote share at territory elections than at federal elections due to the absence of minor parties such as Pauline Hanson's One Nation and the Greens not running in every seat at NT elections.[citation needed]

Demographics

[edit]
See also: Demographics of Australia
Estimated resident population since 1981
Population estimates
for the Northern Territory of Australia
Year Population
1901 4,765
1956 19,556
1961 44,481
1974 102,924
1976 97,090
1981 122,616
1991 165,493
1996 181,843
2001 200,019
2006 192,900
2011 211,945
2016 228,833
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
(Est Resident Pop)

The NT population at the 2011 Australian census was 211,945,[67] a 10 per cent increase from the 2006 census. The Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated a June 2015 resident population of 244,300, taking into account residents overseas or interstate. NT population represents 1% of the total population of Australia.[68][69][70]

Darwin is the capital and Nt's largest city

The NT population is the youngest in Australia with the largest proportion (23.2%) under 15 years of age and the smallest proportion (5.7%) aged 65 and over. The median age of NT residents is 31 years, six years younger than the national median age.[67]

Alice Springs

Indigenous Australians make up 30.3% of population[71] and own some 49% of the land. The life expectancy of Aboriginal people in NT is well below that of non-Indigenous people in NT. ABS statistics suggest that Indigenous Australians die about 11 years earlier than the average non-Indigenous Australian. There are Aboriginal communities in many parts of NT, the largest ones being the Pitjantjatjara near Uluru / Ayers Rock, the Arrernte near Alice Springs, the Luritja between those two, the Warlpiri further north, and the Yolngu in eastern Arnhem Land.

In 2019, 147,255[72] people lived in Darwin, an overwhelming majority of NT population. Despite this, NT is the least urbanised state or territory in Australia.[citation needed]

Cities and towns

[edit]
See also: List of places in the Northern Territory by population
Population by Significant Urban Areas[N 1][N 2]
Rank Significant Urban Areas Population (2021 Census) Ref.
1 Darwin 127,215 [2] Edit this at Wikidata
2 Alice Springs 25,912 [3] Edit this at Wikidata
Population by Urban Centres[N 3][N 4]
Rank Urban Centres Population (2021 Census) Ref.
1 Darwin 122,207 [4] Edit this at Wikidata
2 Alice Springs 24,855 [5] Edit this at Wikidata
3 Katherine 5,980 [6] Edit this at Wikidata
4 Nhulunbuy 3,267 [7] Edit this at Wikidata
5 Tennant Creek 2,949 [8] Edit this at Wikidata
6 Elcho Island / Galiwinku 2,199 [9] Edit this at Wikidata
7 Wadeye 1,924 [10] Edit this at Wikidata
8 Wurrumiyanga (Nguiu) 1,421 [11] Edit this at Wikidata
9 Gunbalanya (Oenpelli) 1,153 [12] Edit this at Wikidata
10 Milingimbi 1,097 [13] Edit this at Wikidata
Population by Local Government Area[N 5]
Rank Local Government Areas Population (30 June 2023 estimate)[73]
1 City of Darwin 85,465
2 City of Palmerston 41,113
3 Town of Alice Springs 29,213
4 Litchfield 23,415
5 Town of Katherine 10,829
6 East Arnhem Region 10,011
7 Roper Gulf Region 7,491
8 Barkly Region 7,239
9 MacDonnell Region 6,706
10 Central Desert Region 4,126

Ancestry and immigration

[edit]
Country of Birth (2016)[74][75]
Birthplace[N 6] Population
Australia 157,531
Philippines 5,914
England 5,583
New Zealand 4,636
India 3,598
Greece 1,268
United States 1,211
Mainland China 1,192
Nepal 1,126
Indonesia 1,117
Ireland 1,026
East Timor 1,024

At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[N 7][74][75]

31.2% of the population was born overseas at the 2016 census. The five largest groups of overseas-born were from the Philippines (2.6%), England (2.4%), New Zealand (2%), India (1.6%) and Greece (0.6%).[74][75]

25.5% of the population, or 58,248 people, identified as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in 2016.[N 10][74][75]

Kunwinjku artist Glen Namundja creating art in the style pioneered in Arnhem Land

Languages

[edit]

At the 2021 census, 57.3% of the population spoke only English at home. The other languages most commonly spoken at home were Kriol (2.2%), Djambarrpuyngu (1.7%), Greek (1.4%) and Nepali (1.3%).[77][74][75]

There are more than 100 Aboriginal languages and dialects spoken in the NT,[78] in addition to English which is most common in cities such as Darwin or Alice Springs. Major indigenous languages spoken in NT include Murrinh-patha and Ngangikurrungurr in the northwest around Wadeye, Warlpiri and Warumungu in the centre around Tennant Creek, Arrernte around Alice Springs, Pintupi-Luritja to the south east, Pitjantjatjara in the south near Uluru / Ayers Rock, Yolngu Matha to the far north in Arnhem Land (where the dialect Djambarrpuyngu of Dhuwal is considered a lingua franca), and Burarra, Maung, Iwaidja and Kunwinjku in the centre north and on Croker Island and the Goulburn Islands. Tiwi is spoken on Melville Island and Bathurst Island.[79] Literature in many of these languages is available in the Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages.

Religion

[edit]

Religious Affiliation(2021)[77]

  Christianity (40.5%)
  No Religion (38.5%)
  Hinduism (2.7%)
  Buddhism (2.4%)
  Islam (1.4%)
  Not Stated & Others (14.2%)

In the 2021 census, Christianity is the major religious affiliation in NT, followed by 40.5% of its population. In 1971, Christianity was followed by 70.2% of the population and has been declining since, while the percentage of people who identified as having no religious affiliation has increased from 17.9% in 1971 to 38.5% in 2021.[77]

Hinduism is largest non-Christian religion (2.7%) in NT, followed by Buddhism (2.1%) and Islam (1.4%).[77][80]

Education

[edit]
Charles Darwin University

Primary and secondary

[edit]

NT education consists of six years of primary schooling, including one transition year, three years of middle schooling, and three years of secondary schooling. In the beginning of 2007, NT introduced Middle School for Years 7–9 and High School for Years 10–12. NT children generally begin school at age five. On completing secondary school, students earn the Northern Territory Certificate of Education and Training (NTCET). Students who successfully complete their secondary education also receive a tertiary entrance ranking, or ATAR score, to determine university admittance.

NT schools are operated by the NT government or the private sector. Government schools, known as "state" or "public" (i.e. public sector) schools are funded and run by the NT Department of Education.[81] Private sector independent fee-paying schools, include those run by or affiliated with the Catholic Church, Protestant, Lutheran, Anglican, Greek Orthodox or Seventh-day Adventist Churches, non-church schools and an Indigenous school, with some similar to English public schools. The NT government does not fund students equally and directs most taxpayer money into government schools. As of 2009, NT had 151 government schools, 15 Catholic schools and 21 other independent schools. 39,492 students were enrolled in NT schools, with 29,175 in public schools, and 9,882 in independent schools. The Northern Territory has about 4,000 full-time teachers.

Tertiary Education

[edit]

NT has one university, Charles Darwin University, which opened in 1989 as the Northern Territory University.[82] It had[when?] about 19,000 students enrolled: about 5,500 higher education students and about 13,500 students on vocational education and training (VET) courses. The first tertiary institution in NT was the Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education which was established in the mid-1960s.

Libraries and archives

[edit]

Library & Archives NT, formed by a 2019 merger,[83] is a public research library and archival organisation which supports and develops public library services across NT.[84][85]

The National Archives of Australia also have a repository in Darwin, collocated with the Library & Archives repository at the NT Archives Centre.[86]

Economy

[edit]
See also: Australian economy

Mining

[edit]
Ranger Uranium Mine in the Kakadu National Park

The NT economy is largely driven by mining, which is concentrated on energy producing minerals, petroleum and energy and contributes around $2.5 billion to the gross state product and employs over 4,600 people. Mining accounts for 14.9% of the gross state product in 2014–15 compared to just 7% nationally.[87]

In recent years, largely due to the effect of major infrastructure projects and mine expansions, construction has overtaken mining as the largest single industry in NT. Construction, mining and manufacturing, and government and community services, combine to account for about half of NT gross domestic product (GDP), compared to about a third of national GDP.[88]

The economy has grown considerably over the past decade, from a value of $15 billion in 2004–05 to over $22 billion in 2014–15. In 2012–13 the NT economy expanded by 5.6%, over twice the level of national growth, and in 2014–15 it grew by 10.5%, four times the national growth rate.[88]

Between 2003 and 2006, NT gross domestic product (GDP) rose 32.4%, from $8.67 billion to $11.476 billion. During the three years to 2006–2007 NT GDP grew by an average annual rate of 5.5%. NT GDP per capita, at ($72,496), is higher than any Australian state or other territory and is also higher than the gross domestic product per capita for Australia ($54,606) but average incomes are lower than for the rest of Australia.

NT exports were up 12.9% or $681 million in 2012–13. The largest contributor to NT exports was: mineral fuels (largely liquid natural gas), crude materials (mainly mineral ores) and food and live animals (primarily live cattle). The main international markets for territory exports are Japan, China, Indonesia, the United States and Korea.[89]

NT Import totalled $2,887.8 million which consisted of mainly machinery and equipment manufacturing (58.4%) and petroleum, coal, chemical and associated product manufacturing (17.0%).[90]

The principal mining operations are bauxite at Gove Peninsula where the production is estimated to increase 52.1% to $254 million in 2007–08, manganese at Groote Eylandt, production is estimated to increase 10.5% to $1.1 billion which will be helped by the newly developed mines include Bootu Creek and Frances Creek, gold which is estimated to increase 21.7 per cent to $672 million at the Union Reefs plant and uranium at Ranger Uranium Mine.[91]

Tourism

[edit]

Tourism is economically important to NT and a significant industry in regional areas.[92] Iconic destinations such as Uluru / Ayers Rock and Kakadu make NT a popular destination for domestic and international travellers. Diverse landscapes, waterfalls, wide open spaces, aboriginal culture and wild and untamed wildlife attract visitors. In 2015, NT received a total of about 1.6 million domestic and international visitors contributing an estimated $2.0 billion to the local economy. Holiday visitors made up the majority of total visitation (about 792,000 visitors).

Tourism has strong links to other sectors in the economy including accommodation and food services, retail trade, recreation and culture, and transport.[92]

Wide Open Space is an annual festival of music, arts and culture[93] that takes place over three days at the Ross River Resort in the McDonnell Ranges,[94] around 80 km (50 mi) east of Alice Springs.[95] over three days in April/May.[94]

Other industries

[edit]

The NT government announced that it will undertake a project which will benefit its marine industry, including the development of a new Marine Industry Park near Darwin.[when?][96]

Transport

[edit]
See also: Transportation in Australia
The Lasseter Highway connects Uluru (Ayers Rock) to the Stuart Highway
The Ghan

NT is the most sparsely populated of the Australian states and territories.

NT has a connected network of sealed roads, including two national highways, linking with adjoining states and connecting the major territory population centres, and other important centres such as Uluru (Ayers Rock), Kakadu and Litchfield National Parks. The Stuart Highway, once known as "The Track", runs north to south, connecting Darwin and Alice Springs to Adelaide. Some of the sealed roads are single-lane bitumen. Many unsealed (dirt) roads connect the more remote settlements.

The fatigue resulting from long-distance driving and the hazards inherent in dirt roads, wildlife, water crossings and wild weather have led to road safety campaigns in English and several Aboriginal languages. Persuading people to drive at the right speed for the road conditions has been a key goal.[97][98] As of 2021, the road vehicle speed limit in built-up areas in the NT was 60 kilometres per hour unless the town had gazetted a lower default speed limit: many had chosen 50 km/h or lower. Outside most built-up areas the default speed limit was 110 km/h unless a speed limit sign stated otherwise. Reflecting the nature of the topography and very low population density, some sections of the Arnhem, Barkly, Stuart and Victoria highways had a maximum speed of 130 km/h.[99]

In 2004, a standard gauge railway was opened between Alice Springs and Darwin, completing the Adelaide–Darwin rail corridor and bringing to fruition the dream of a transcontinental railway initiated in 1878 with the Central Australia Railway from the south and the North Australia Railway from the north – but with a gap of more than 800 km (500 mi) between Alice Springs and Birdum still to be bridged when the antique 1067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge railway was closed in 1976.[100] The line carries fast freight trains and one passenger train: The Ghan experiential tourism train that runs between Darwin and Adelaide, stopping at Katherine, Tennant Creek, Alice Springs and Kulgera.

Darwin International Airport is the major domestic and international airport for NT. Several smaller airports are scattered across NT and are served by smaller airlines, including Alice Springs Airport, Ayers Rock Airport, Katherine Airport and Tennant Creek Airport.

Media

[edit]

Print

[edit]

NT has only one daily tabloid newspaper, News Corporation's Northern Territory News, or NT News. The Sunday Territorian is the sister paper to the NT News and is the only dedicated Sunday tabloid newspaper in NT.

The Centralian Advocate is circulated around the Alice Springs region twice a week. There are also five weekly community newspapers. NT receives the daily The Australian, while The Sydney Morning Herald, The Age and the Guardian Weekly are also available in Darwin. Katherine has the Katherine Times.

There is an LGBT community publication, QNews Magazine,[101] which is published in Darwin and Alice Springs.

Television

[edit]

Metropolitan Darwin has had five broadcast television stations:

Darwin also has four open-narrowcast stations:

Regional NT has a similar availability of stations:

Remote areas are generally required to receive television via the Viewer Access Satellite Television service, which carries the same channels as the regional areas, as well as some extra open-narrowcast services, including Indigenous Community Television and Westlink.

Radio

[edit]

Darwin has radio stations on both AM and FM frequencies. ABC stations include ABC Radio Darwin (105.7FM), ABC Radio National (657AM), ABC News Radio (102.5FM), ABC Classic FM (107.3FM) and Triple J (103.3FM). The two commercial stations are Hot 100 FM (8HOT) and Mix 104.9 (8MIX). The leading community stations are 104.1 Territory FM (8TOP) and 94.5 Radio Larrakia (8KNB).

The radio stations in Alice Springs are also broadcast on the AM and FM frequencies. ABC stations include Triple J (94.9FM), ABC Classic FM (97.9FM), 783 ABC Alice Springs (783AM), ABC News Radio (104.1FM) and ABC Radio National (99.7FM). There are two community stations in the town—CAAMA (100.5FM) and 8CCC (102.1FM). The commercial stations, which are both owned by the same company are Sun 96.9 (96.9FM) and 8HA (900AM). Christian radio station Vision Christian Radio (88.0FM). Two additional stations, Territory FM (98.7FM) and Radio TAB (95.9FM) are syndicated from Darwin and Brisbane, respectively.

Sport

[edit]
Main article: Sport in the Northern Territory

Australian rules football in the Northern Territory is widely popular, particularly with Indigenous Australian communities in Darwin, Alice Springs and the Tiwi Islands. The [Australian Football League|AFL]] subsidiary, AFL Northern Territory took over control of many former local leagues and competitions.

Culture

[edit]

NT has a number of cultural institutions of importance to the nation.

These include:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Significant Urban Areas are defined to represent significant towns and cities, or agglomerations of smaller towns, that have at least 10,000 total population. Significant Urban Areas may contain more than one distinct Urban Centre. There are urban areas of greater than 10,000 people that the ABS does not currently classify as Significant Urban Areas.
  2. ^ The ABS currently only defines two Significant Urban Areas within the Northern Territory.
  3. ^ According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Urban Centres represent areas of concentrated urban development with populations of 1,000 people or more.
  4. ^ Only the 10 most populus Urban Centres are shown. For a complete list see: List of places in the Northern Territory by population
  5. ^ Only the 10 most populus Local Government Areas are shown. For a complete list see: List of places in the Northern Territory by population
  6. ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately
  7. ^ As a percentage of 199,426 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.
  8. ^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
  9. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[76]
  10. ^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b While the Australian Capital Territory ("ACT") and Jervis Bay Territory are also Australian internal territories and the ACT is more populous than NT, the ACT is informally referred to as the "ACT". Locally, each is colloquially referred to as "the Territory" and the demonyms for residents of each are "Territorian". Therefore, the distinguishing demonym for a NT resident is "Northern Territorian".

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
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Sources

[edit]
  • Hill, Ernestine. 1951. The Territory: The classic saga of Australia's far north. Angus & Robertson. Reprint: 1995. ISBN 0-207-18821-1
  • Govan, A. (2007) Broadband debate key to NT's future. N.T. Business Review, vol. N/A, no. N/A, p. 7
  • Morrison, P. (2000) a pilot implementation of internet access for remote aboriginal communities in the "Top end" Of Australia. Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No.10, pp. 1781–1792.
  • Toyne, P. (2002) Northern Territory Government's Response to the House of Representatives Communications, Information Technology & the Arts Committee inquiry into Wireless Broadband Communications. In N.T. GOVERNMENT (Ed.) (pp. 3). Darwin: Northern Territory Government.
  • Toyne, P. (2003) Remote Areas Telecommunications Strategy 2003–2008. In N. T. GOVERNMENT (Ed.) (pp. 1– 32). Darwin N.T. viewed 6 February 2008, <Wayback Machine>
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northern Territory.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Northern Territory.
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